Formation: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing

Examples:

• I am working
• You are studying
• He/She/It is running
• We/They are reading

Usage:

• Actions happening now
• Temporary situations
• Future arrangements (with time expressions)

Spelling Rules for -ing:

1. Most verbs: Add "-ing" (work → working, read → reading)
2. Verbs ending in 'e': Drop 'e' and add "-ing" (write → writing, make → making)
3. CVC pattern: Double final consonant (run → running, swim → swimming)
4. Verbs ending in 'ie': Change to 'y' (die → dying, lie → lying)

Common Time Expressions: now, at the moment, currently, at present, these days

Formation: Subject + am not / isn't / aren't + verb-ing

Examples:

• I am not (I'm not) working
• You are not (aren't) studying
• He/She/It is not (isn't) running
• We/They are not (aren't) reading

Usage: Describing what is NOT happening currently

Contraction Rules:

• I am not → I'm not
• You are not → You aren't
• He/She is not → He/She isn't

Formation: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?

Examples:

• Am I working?
• Are you studying?
• Is he/she/it running?
• Are we/they reading?

Short Answers:

• Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.
• Yes, you are. / No, you aren't.
• Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

Wh- Questions:

• What are you doing?
• Where is she going?
• Why are they working?

Formation: Subject + verb (base form with s/es for he/she/it)

Examples:

• I work in an office.
• You work with computers.
• He/She/It works from 9 to 5.
• We/They work in sales.

Spelling Rules for Third Person:

1. Most verbs: Add -s (work → works)
2. Verbs ending in s, x, z, ch, sh: Add -es (watch → watches, go → goes)
3. Verbs ending in consonant + y: Change y to i and add -es (study → studies)

Usage:

• Facts and general truths
• Habits and routines
• Permanent situations
• Scheduled events

Frequency Adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never

Formation: Question Word + do/does + subject + base verb?

Examples:

• Where do you work?
• What does she do?
• When do they start?
• Why does he arrive early?

Question Words:

• What (asks about things)
• Where (asks about places)
• When (asks about time)
• Why (asks for reasons)
• Who (asks about people)
• How (asks about manner)

Subject Questions (no do/does):

• Who works here?
• Which file belongs to you?

Formation: have/has + past participle

Examples:

• I have worked here for five years.
• She has finished the report.
• They have arrived.

Usage:

• Actions at unspecified past time
• Actions started in past and continue to present
• Life experiences
• Recent actions with present relevance

Time Markers: already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for, so far

Questions:

• Have you finished? → Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
• Has she arrived? → Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

Formation: have/has + been + verb-ing

Examples:

• I have been working on this project all morning.
• She has been studying for three hours.
• They have been waiting since 9 AM.

Usage:

• Emphasizes duration of action
• Actions continuing from past to present
• Recently finished activities with visible results

Difference from Present Perfect:

• Present Perfect: Focus on result
• Present Perfect Progressive: Focus on duration/activity

Time Markers: for, since, all day, all morning, lately, recently

Conversational Use:

• Sharing life experiences
• Discussing recent accomplishments
• Talking about changes over time

Common Expressions:

• Have you ever...?
• I've never...
• I've already...
• Have you... yet?

Business Context:

• Project updates
• Achievement summaries
• Status reports

Present Perfect vs. Past Simple:

• Present Perfect: Unspecified time, connection to present
  • "I have sent the email." (Focus on completion)
• Past Simple: Specific time, no connection to present
  • "I sent the email yesterday." (Focus on when)

Present Perfect vs. Present Simple:

• Present Perfect: Temporary situations, recent changes
  • "I have lived here for 6 months." (May move)
• Present Simple: Permanent situations, facts
  • "I live in New York." (Permanent)

Time Marker Guide:

• Specific past time → Past Simple
• Unspecified past / connection to now → Present Perfect
• General facts → Present Simple

Formation: Subject + was/were + verb-ing

Examples:

• I was working when you called.
• She was reading at 8 PM.
• They were discussing the project.

Usage:

• Action in progress at specific past time
• Background action interrupted by another action
• Two simultaneous past actions

Time Expressions: at that moment, at 8 PM, when, while

Formation: Was/Were + subject + verb-ing?

Yes/No Questions:

• Were you working yesterday?
• Was she sleeping when I called?

Wh- Questions:

• What were you doing at 8 PM?
• Where were they going?
• Why was he running?

Short Answers:

• Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.
• Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.

Combined Usage in News Reports:

• Past Progressive: Background/description
• Past Simple: Main events/interruptions

Example:

• "The company was expanding rapidly when the crisis hit."
  • was expanding (ongoing background)
  • hit (main event)

Business Context:

• Describing company history
• Explaining market changes
• Analyzing past events

Formation: Subject + verb-ed

Examples:

• I worked yesterday.
• She finished the report.
• They started the meeting.

Spelling Rules:

1. Most verbs: Add -ed (work → worked)
2. Verbs ending in 'e': Add -d (like → liked)
3. CVC pattern: Double consonant + ed (shop → shopped)
4. Verbs ending in consonant + y: Change y to i + ed (study → studied)

Pronunciation:

• /t/ after voiceless sounds (worked, stopped)
• /d/ after voiced sounds (played, cleaned)
• /ɪd/ after t and d (wanted, needed)

Common Irregular Patterns:

1. Vowel changes: sing → sang, drink → drank, begin → began
2. -ought/-aught: buy → bought, catch → caught, teach → taught
3. No change: put → put, cut → cut, hit → hit
4. Completely different: go → went, be → was/were

Common Business Irregulars:

• make → made
• take → took
• write → wrote
• send → sent
• spend → spent
• leave → left
• meet → met
• pay → paid

Formation: Was/Were + subject?

Examples:

• Were you at the meeting?
• Was she in the office?
• Were they available?

Special Rule: Be-verb questions do NOT use "did"

• Correct: Were you busy?
• Incorrect: Did you be busy?

Short Answers:

• Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.
• Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.

All Forms:

• Affirmative: Regular (verb-ed) / Irregular (varies)
• Negative: didn't + base verb
• Questions: Did + subject + base verb?

Usage Summary:

• Completed actions at specific past time
• Series of completed actions
• Past facts or habits

Common Time Markers: yesterday, last week, in 2010, ago, in (year), when

Review Points:

• Formation: was/were + verb-ing
• Interrupted Actions: was/were + verb-ing when + Past Simple
• Simultaneous Actions: was/were + verb-ing while + was/were + verb-ing

Examples:

• "I was working when the phone rang."
• "While they were meeting, we were preparing."

Formation: had been + verb-ing

Examples:

• I had been working for 3 hours when he arrived.
• She had been waiting since morning.
• They had been negotiating for weeks.

Usage:

• Emphasizes duration leading up to past moment
• Shows cause of past situation
• Recent continuous activity before past event

Time Markers: for, since, before, until, when

Formation: had + past participle

Examples:

• I had already finished when he called.
• She had left before the meeting started.
• They had never seen such results.

Usage:

• Action completed before another past action
• Earlier action in sequence of past events
• Unreal past (Third Conditional)

Common Structures:

• By the time...: "By the time I arrived, they had left."
• Before/After: "She had checked the data before presenting."
• Already/Just: "I had already completed the task."

Formation: am/is/are + verb-ing + time marker

Examples:

• I am meeting the client tomorrow.
• She is flying to Tokyo next week.
• We are starting the project on Monday.

Usage:

• Fixed arrangements
• Personal plans and appointments
• Definite future events

Essential Elements: MUST include time marker to show future meaning

Time Markers: tomorrow, next week, on Monday, in June, at 3 PM

Formation: Subject + present verb

Examples:

• The train leaves at 9 AM tomorrow.
• The conference begins next Monday.
• Our flight departs in two hours.

Usage:

• Timetables and schedules
• Transportation (buses, trains, planes)
• Fixed events and programs
• Calendar items

Business Context:

• Meeting schedules
• Conference agendas
• Travel itineraries

Will:

• Spontaneous decisions: "I'll help you with that."
• Predictions based on opinion: "I think you'll like this product."
• Offers and promises: "I'll send the report immediately."
• Requests: "Will you join us?"

Going To:

• Plans and intentions: "I'm going to apply for the position."
• Predictions based on evidence: "It's going to rain."
• Fixed decisions: "We're going to launch next month."

Comparison Examples:

• "I'll meet you tomorrow." (Decision made now)
• "I'm going to meet you tomorrow." (Pre-arranged)